Vaccines and autism in primate model.
نویسنده
چکیده
MMR In 1998, Andrew Wakefield and colleagues published a case series of eight patients who developed autism within 1 mo of receiving MMR vaccine. The paper, which was published in the Lancet, has since been retracted; technically, it no longer exists. The impact of the media firestorm that followed, however, cannot be retracted. The authors argued that measles vaccine virus—because it was combined with both mumps and rubella vaccine viruses—weakened the immune system. This allowed measles virus to reproduce at the intestinal mucosal surface and damage the lining of the intestine, which then allowed for the ingress of unidentified encephalopathic proteins that entered the bloodstream, crossed an undamaged blood–brain barrier, and caused autism. No evidence was provided to support any aspect of this hypothesis. The study also did not include a control group of children who had not received MMR. Despite the authors’ failure to provide either epidemiological or biological evidence for a connection, the notion that MMR caused autism was born and tens of thousands of parents in Europe and the United States withheld MMR vaccine for their children. Outbreaks and deaths from measles followed [see Offit (2) for review]. The public health and academic communities responded. Thirteen ecological, case control, retrospective cohort, and prospective cohort studies were performed between 1999 and 2006, all of which failed to show a causal relationship between receipt of MMR vaccine and development of autism [see Gerber and Offit (3) for review]. Perhaps the most compelling study to date— which mined a database of more than 95,000 children—examined the risk of autism in children whose older siblings had been diagnosed with the disorder. MMR vaccine was not associated with autism in this at-risk group (4).
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ورودعنوان ژورنال:
- Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
دوره 112 40 شماره
صفحات -
تاریخ انتشار 2015